This lesson starts with the causes of the religious conflicts which rocked Europe in the late 1500s and then gives a brief overview of the French Wars of Religion, the Dutch revolt against Spain, and the Spanish Armada, each of which is covered in detail in its own separate lesson. This lesson pays particular attention to the problems confronting the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V (Charles I in Spain), looking at the advance of the Ottoman Turks from the East and the revolt of the Protestant German princes known as the Schmalkaldic War.

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For the last 27 years, I have taught at University High School, in Urbana, Illinois. During this time I have created a 4-year world history curriculum that breaks down as follows: Subfreshmen (7th and 8th grades combined): Prehistory and ancient civilizations, including India, China, and Japan. Freshmen: Western civilization and the Islamic world to 1500 Sophomores: World history from 1500 to 1945 Seniors: the world since 1945. All of these, except the senior course are required. The elective senior course is consistently filled to capacity of 30, usually with a waiting list.
