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Subtraction By Addition

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Wm. George Mandras
Ventura-CA
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Subtraction By Addition is an attempt to help those students that will have difficulty learning the subject of arithmetic throughout their entire learning experience. Specifically, the method avoids, as much as possible, the mental and computational demands of borrowings and carries that are prevalent in the basic arithmetic operations, especially subtraction. To that end, subtraction by nine's complement addition is formulated and discussed. A second level of difficulty in learning subtraction is encountered when the subtrahend digit is greater than the corresponding minuend digit. A special case algorithm for subtraction by addition is formulated for the numbers in base-ten numeration. The nine's complement procedure has an added benefit in that it enables the first grade students that are learning integer addition, for the first time, to be learning subtraction by default.
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TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Aerospace engineer, retired 1996: 35-year career as a technical specialist in aircraft and space vehicle structures. 9/89-9/04 Oxnard Community College - part time faculty 9/84-6/86 West Coast University - part time faculty Taught undergraduate students in Engineering Economic Analysis, Experimental Methods for Engineers, Static's & Strength of Materials, Materials Science, Introduction to Engineering, Engineering Design (CAD), Elementary & Intermediate Algebra, Linear Algebra, College Algebra, Fundamentals of Arithmetic. 1/68 - 3/71: College of Aeronautics - Assistant Professor Taught undergraduate students in Strength of Materials, Materials test laboratory, Thermodynamics, Engineering Design, Aircraft Structural Analysis, Mechanics, and Introduction to Computers.

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