Unit 8 is the highest-frequency FRQ topic on the AP exam — it appears every single year. The two skills that separate 4s from 5s: weak acid pH with ICE table, and explaining why equivalence point pH ≠7.00.Covers pH calculations with conductivity prediction, weak acid ICE tables with percent dissociation, quadratic pH solutions (no small-x), conjugate base hydrolysis, Henderson-Hasselbalch buffers with strong acid addition, and a complete 4-point weak acid titration. The stimulus set compares ti