Professional sports, these days, is as much about the athletes as it is about the numbers. Mathematics drives many important in-game decisions, especially in the National Football League. One example is 4th down: should a team try to secure a first down by “going for it,” or should they punt the ball away to their opponent? While this decision is being made, a sports broadcaster will often announce the team’s probability of success should they opt to go for it on 4th down. Did you ever wonder, t