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Evolution & Natural Selection Unit | Printable, Digital & Editable Components
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What others say

"Great resource! I used as my main instructional material for this unit! It was very helpful in teaching the material. "
star
Devin W.

Description

Save 40% by purchasing Evolution and Natural Selection teaching materials!

Important Notes:

• Download a FREE Unit Bundle to learn more about all my products.

• Save $$$ with the Life Science Complete Curriculum

• Save $$$$ with the Integrated Science Complete Curriculum

• Consider Daily Lessons as an economical alternative to this unit bundle (see below)

• This product includes FREE downloads of ALL future Evolution products.


PAYMENT PLAN & CUSTOM BUNDLES

• I offer a 12-month interest-free payment plan to OWN my curricula and unit bundles.

CLICK HERE or visit www.stephanieelkowitz.com to learn more about the payment plan.

• Create a custom bundle of unit bundles and SAVE 30%. Can combine with a payment plan.

CLICK HERE or visit www.stephanieelkowitz.com to learn more about custom bundles.


DISTANCE LEARNING - DIGITAL ASSIGNMENTS

This resource includes modified files that facilitate online - distance learning:

• Fillable slides designed to work with Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

• Digital Task Cards designed with Google Forms. Google Classrooms are not required.

• Digital Assessment designed with Google Forms. Google Classrooms are not required.

• Digital Laboratory Activities with fully editable versions.

Important Notes about Fillable Slides:

• Bell Ringers, Homework, Reading Passages & Digital INBs are available as fillable slides.

• Digital assignments made as PPTX files work seamlessly with Google Slides: WATCH ME

• Digital assignments CANNOT be edited. Only the text boxes or forms can be manipulated.

• Each assignment is saved as an individual file with the key removed for easy distribution.

All Digital resources can be shared via platforms that are password-protected or accessible only to students.


This bundle includes:

• Editable PowerPoint Presentation, Scaffolded Notes and Exam

• Printable Interactive Notebook Lessons (Input Notes, INB Activities, Quizzes & Reflections)

• Digital Interactive Notebook Lessons with Editable Notes & Google Form Quizzes

• Bell Ringers, Homework & Task Cards Tiered to Bloom's Taxonomy

• Reading Passages with Comprehension Questions

• SNAPs Lab Stations Activities

• Vocabulary Activity Pack and Word Wall Cards

• High Yield Review Sorts & Activities

• Differentiated Course and Unit Planning Guide

Evolution and Natural Selection PowerPoint, Notes & Exam

All items in this product are 100% EDITABLE and DIFFERENTIATED. The product includes a PowerPoint Presentation (121 differentiated slides), scaffolded notes (differentiated and modified/completed notes included) and a summative examination (differentiated and answer key included). The PowerPoint is differentiated for upper elementary and middle school students. A color-shape code is found on the upper left corner of every slide to help you differentiate concepts for your students' needs and abilities. Google App compatible slides and notes are included. A self-grading digital assessment made with Google Forms included.

Evolution and Natural Selection INB Unit

This differentiated interactive notebook unit is divided into INB lessons. Each lesson includes an overview with photos of the completed INB activity, one page of input notes (differentiated when necessary), at least one INB activity (key included), a 4-5 question mini assessment (key included) and a 2-part reflection exercise. Editable INB input notes are included. This INB unit includes 15 INB lessons and 18 INB activities:

Chapter 1: What is evolution?

Chapter 2: Theory of Natural Selection

Chapter 3: Variation & Species Diversity

Chapter 4: Frequency of Traits (Peppered Moths)

Chapter 5: Competition for Resources

Chapter 6: Evidence for Evolution

Chapter 7: Comparative Embryology

Chapter 8: Comparative Anatomy

Chapter 9: Fossils

Chapter 10: Fossil Record

Chapter 11: DNA as a Molecular Clock

Chapter 12: Phylogenetic Trees

Chapter 13: Changes in the Environment

Chapter 14: Endangerment & Extinction

Chapter 15: Artificial Selection

Evolution and Natural Selection Digital Interactive Notebook

The digital interactive notebook is the counterpart to the printable INB unit. The notebook is separated into chapters or lessons. Each chapter includes one page of EDITABLE input notes, a digital INB activity and a two-part formative reflection. Copies of mini assessments converted to self-grading Google Forms are provided. A student and teacher notebook are included. INB chapters are saved as individual files as well.

Evolution and Natural Selection Bell Ringers

Differentiated and tiered 3-part activities designed to "warmup" students at the beginning of a lesson. Full and half page printing options and key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

Evolution and Natural Selection Homework

Differentiated and tiered 3-part homework assignments that can be used as a formative or summative assessment. Key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

Evolution and Natural Selection Reading Passages

Differentiated reading passages with text-based evidence comprehension questions. Immersive Reader compatible documents and key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

IMMERSIVE READER

This resource includes reading passages that can be read to a student with Microsoft’s Immersive Reader. Immersive-Reader compatible passages are read-only Word documents accessed in a web browser. Internet access required. Students are provided links to the Immersive Reader compatible passages in the printable and digital versions of each activity.

Immersive Reader is a FREE Microsoft educational tool. You do NOT need a Microsoft account to access this tool in a web browser. Learn more about Immersive Reader HERE.

Immersive Reader can:

• Read the entire passage to a student

• Help pronounce individual words in a passage as a student reads

• Translate the entire passage or individual words in the passage for ESL students

• Change the font, text color and background color for students with visual impairments

Additional Notes

• Written and video instructions for students are included: http://safesha.re/ppk

• Download a FREE unit of Immersive Reader compatible reading passages HERE.


Evolution and Natural Selection Vocabulary Activity Pack

This vocabulary activity pack includes EVERYTHING you need to introduce, reinforce, review and master science vocabulary! Crossword puzzles, flashcards, games and quizzes included. Printable, digital and editable components.

Evolution and Natural Selection Word Wall Cards

Each card displays a simple illustration, one vocabulary word and a short definition. Half and quarter page printing options. Color and black and white.


Evolution and Natural Selection Task Cards

68 differentiated and tiered task card questions to help assess your students on important concepts covered in this unit. Printable and digital task cards included. Answer sheets and key included.

DIGITAL TASK CARDS

Task cards designed to work with Google Forms included. Can be assigned to students with Google Classrooms or shared as a link with your student any way you choose. Self-grading. Digital task card questions and answers are editable. Task card images are NOT editable. Requires internet access.

HIGH-YIELD REVIEW ACTIVITIES

NO-PREP resources to review HIGH-YEILD topics in science! Each activity focuses on a single topic to develop mastery of that topic. Printable and digital activities and self-grading Google Forms and Easel Activities included. This bundle includes four high-yield review activities:

Fossil Review

Evidence for Evolution Review

Endangered Species Review

Natural vs. Artificial Selection Review


Evolution SNAPs Lab Stations Activities

SNAPs Lab Stations are lab activities that require students to use science, math, literacy, problem-solving and engineering skills. The labs are designed to enhance students' understanding of scientific concepts and help students apply scientific ideas to the real world. This bundle includes eight labs:

Variation and Genetic Diversity Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-4)

Natural Selection Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-6)

Comparative Embryology Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-3)

Comparative Anatomy Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-2)

Evidence of Life in the Past (Fossils) Lab (3-LS4-1)

Fossil Record Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-1)

Endangerment and Extinction Lab (MS-LS2-4)

Artificial Selection Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-5)

DIGITAL LAB ACTIVITIES

The SNAPs labs in this unit bundle are offered in a digital format (fillable slides compatible with Microsoft PP and Google Slides) to facilitate distance learning and support digital classrooms. To better support digital classrooms, the assessment station is offered as an editable, self-grading Google Form as well.

DISTANCE LEARNING COMPATIBILITY

SNAPs lab activities are rated for their ease with distance – independent learning. Refer to the preview for more information about how well each laboratory works in a fully digital classroom and with distance learning.

EDITABLE DOCUMENTS

This download includes an editable Word document (docx file) of all lab components:

• Pre-Lab and Post-Lab Activities

• The Lab Overview

• Lab Station Activities and Questions

• Directed Synthesis Project (when applicable)

Important Notes:

• Diagrams, illustrations, tables and graphs essential to lab activities are included

• Illustrative clipart is NOT included

• Editable documents and rubrics are included with the FREE SNAPs Setup Guide


Evolution and Natural Selection Unit Planning Guide

This product includes DIFFERENTIATED and EDITABLE Excel sheets to help you plan and pace the unit. Suggestions for how to use resources and create lesson plans included.

Next Generation Science Standards

This unit bundle satisfies NGSS 3-LS4-1, MS-LS2-4, MS-LS4-1, MS-LS4-2, MS-LS4-3, MS-LS4-4, MS-LS4-5 & MS-LS4-6.


DAILY LESSONS

Daily lessons are an economical alternative to my unit bundles. A single lesson rebundles the resources in the unit bundle for a SINGLE topic. Daily lessons do NOT include task cards, summative exams or labs. A lesson includes a bell ringer, INB Lesson, editable PP slides, editable scaffolded and modified notes, homework, reading passage and digital assignments. Links for lessons covering the topics in this unit are listed below:

What is evolution?

Theory of Natural Selection (MS-LS4-6)

Variation and Species Diversity (MS-LS4-4)

Frequency of Traits (MS-LS4-6)

Competition for Resources

Evidence for Evolution (MS-LS4-2)

Comparative Embryology (MS-LS4-3)

Comparative Anatomy (MS-LS4-2)

Fossils (3-LS4-1)

Fossil Record (MS-LS4-1)

DNA as a Molecular Clock

Phylogenetic Trees

Changes in the Environment (Selective Pressure) (MS-LS2-4)

Endangerment and Extinction (MS-LS2-4)

Artificial Selection (MS-LS4-5)


TERMS OF USE

• All rights reserved by Stephanie Elkowitz.

• This product is to be used by the original purchaser only.

• Intended for classroom and personal use only.

• Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited.

• This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view.

• Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

Report this resource to TPT
Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Report this resource to let us know if this resource violates TPT's content guidelines.

Evolution & Natural Selection Unit | Printable, Digital & Editable Components

Stephanie Elkowitz
15.1k Followers
$95.40
$159.00
SAVE
$63.60

Highlights

Digital downloads
Standards icon
Standards
Pages
22 Products
Answer Key
Included
Teaching Duration
1 month

What others say

"Great resource! I used as my main instructional material for this unit! It was very helpful in teaching the material. "
star
Devin W.

Description

Save 40% by purchasing Evolution and Natural Selection teaching materials!

Important Notes:

• Download a FREE Unit Bundle to learn more about all my products.

• Save $$$ with the Life Science Complete Curriculum

• Save $$$$ with the Integrated Science Complete Curriculum

• Consider Daily Lessons as an economical alternative to this unit bundle (see below)

• This product includes FREE downloads of ALL future Evolution products.


PAYMENT PLAN & CUSTOM BUNDLES

• I offer a 12-month interest-free payment plan to OWN my curricula and unit bundles.

CLICK HERE or visit www.stephanieelkowitz.com to learn more about the payment plan.

• Create a custom bundle of unit bundles and SAVE 30%. Can combine with a payment plan.

CLICK HERE or visit www.stephanieelkowitz.com to learn more about custom bundles.


DISTANCE LEARNING - DIGITAL ASSIGNMENTS

This resource includes modified files that facilitate online - distance learning:

• Fillable slides designed to work with Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

• Digital Task Cards designed with Google Forms. Google Classrooms are not required.

• Digital Assessment designed with Google Forms. Google Classrooms are not required.

• Digital Laboratory Activities with fully editable versions.

Important Notes about Fillable Slides:

• Bell Ringers, Homework, Reading Passages & Digital INBs are available as fillable slides.

• Digital assignments made as PPTX files work seamlessly with Google Slides: WATCH ME

• Digital assignments CANNOT be edited. Only the text boxes or forms can be manipulated.

• Each assignment is saved as an individual file with the key removed for easy distribution.

All Digital resources can be shared via platforms that are password-protected or accessible only to students.


This bundle includes:

• Editable PowerPoint Presentation, Scaffolded Notes and Exam

• Printable Interactive Notebook Lessons (Input Notes, INB Activities, Quizzes & Reflections)

• Digital Interactive Notebook Lessons with Editable Notes & Google Form Quizzes

• Bell Ringers, Homework & Task Cards Tiered to Bloom's Taxonomy

• Reading Passages with Comprehension Questions

• SNAPs Lab Stations Activities

• Vocabulary Activity Pack and Word Wall Cards

• High Yield Review Sorts & Activities

• Differentiated Course and Unit Planning Guide

Evolution and Natural Selection PowerPoint, Notes & Exam

All items in this product are 100% EDITABLE and DIFFERENTIATED. The product includes a PowerPoint Presentation (121 differentiated slides), scaffolded notes (differentiated and modified/completed notes included) and a summative examination (differentiated and answer key included). The PowerPoint is differentiated for upper elementary and middle school students. A color-shape code is found on the upper left corner of every slide to help you differentiate concepts for your students' needs and abilities. Google App compatible slides and notes are included. A self-grading digital assessment made with Google Forms included.

Evolution and Natural Selection INB Unit

This differentiated interactive notebook unit is divided into INB lessons. Each lesson includes an overview with photos of the completed INB activity, one page of input notes (differentiated when necessary), at least one INB activity (key included), a 4-5 question mini assessment (key included) and a 2-part reflection exercise. Editable INB input notes are included. This INB unit includes 15 INB lessons and 18 INB activities:

Chapter 1: What is evolution?

Chapter 2: Theory of Natural Selection

Chapter 3: Variation & Species Diversity

Chapter 4: Frequency of Traits (Peppered Moths)

Chapter 5: Competition for Resources

Chapter 6: Evidence for Evolution

Chapter 7: Comparative Embryology

Chapter 8: Comparative Anatomy

Chapter 9: Fossils

Chapter 10: Fossil Record

Chapter 11: DNA as a Molecular Clock

Chapter 12: Phylogenetic Trees

Chapter 13: Changes in the Environment

Chapter 14: Endangerment & Extinction

Chapter 15: Artificial Selection

Evolution and Natural Selection Digital Interactive Notebook

The digital interactive notebook is the counterpart to the printable INB unit. The notebook is separated into chapters or lessons. Each chapter includes one page of EDITABLE input notes, a digital INB activity and a two-part formative reflection. Copies of mini assessments converted to self-grading Google Forms are provided. A student and teacher notebook are included. INB chapters are saved as individual files as well.

Evolution and Natural Selection Bell Ringers

Differentiated and tiered 3-part activities designed to "warmup" students at the beginning of a lesson. Full and half page printing options and key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

Evolution and Natural Selection Homework

Differentiated and tiered 3-part homework assignments that can be used as a formative or summative assessment. Key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

Evolution and Natural Selection Reading Passages

Differentiated reading passages with text-based evidence comprehension questions. Immersive Reader compatible documents and key included. Fillable slides that can be used with Google Classrooms and Microsoft Teams included. Activities align with INB chapters.

IMMERSIVE READER

This resource includes reading passages that can be read to a student with Microsoft’s Immersive Reader. Immersive-Reader compatible passages are read-only Word documents accessed in a web browser. Internet access required. Students are provided links to the Immersive Reader compatible passages in the printable and digital versions of each activity.

Immersive Reader is a FREE Microsoft educational tool. You do NOT need a Microsoft account to access this tool in a web browser. Learn more about Immersive Reader HERE.

Immersive Reader can:

• Read the entire passage to a student

• Help pronounce individual words in a passage as a student reads

• Translate the entire passage or individual words in the passage for ESL students

• Change the font, text color and background color for students with visual impairments

Additional Notes

• Written and video instructions for students are included: http://safesha.re/ppk

• Download a FREE unit of Immersive Reader compatible reading passages HERE.


Evolution and Natural Selection Vocabulary Activity Pack

This vocabulary activity pack includes EVERYTHING you need to introduce, reinforce, review and master science vocabulary! Crossword puzzles, flashcards, games and quizzes included. Printable, digital and editable components.

Evolution and Natural Selection Word Wall Cards

Each card displays a simple illustration, one vocabulary word and a short definition. Half and quarter page printing options. Color and black and white.


Evolution and Natural Selection Task Cards

68 differentiated and tiered task card questions to help assess your students on important concepts covered in this unit. Printable and digital task cards included. Answer sheets and key included.

DIGITAL TASK CARDS

Task cards designed to work with Google Forms included. Can be assigned to students with Google Classrooms or shared as a link with your student any way you choose. Self-grading. Digital task card questions and answers are editable. Task card images are NOT editable. Requires internet access.

HIGH-YIELD REVIEW ACTIVITIES

NO-PREP resources to review HIGH-YEILD topics in science! Each activity focuses on a single topic to develop mastery of that topic. Printable and digital activities and self-grading Google Forms and Easel Activities included. This bundle includes four high-yield review activities:

Fossil Review

Evidence for Evolution Review

Endangered Species Review

Natural vs. Artificial Selection Review


Evolution SNAPs Lab Stations Activities

SNAPs Lab Stations are lab activities that require students to use science, math, literacy, problem-solving and engineering skills. The labs are designed to enhance students' understanding of scientific concepts and help students apply scientific ideas to the real world. This bundle includes eight labs:

Variation and Genetic Diversity Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-4)

Natural Selection Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-6)

Comparative Embryology Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-3)

Comparative Anatomy Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-2)

Evidence of Life in the Past (Fossils) Lab (3-LS4-1)

Fossil Record Lab Stations Activity (MS-LS4-1)

Endangerment and Extinction Lab (MS-LS2-4)

Artificial Selection Lab Station Activity (MS-LS4-5)

DIGITAL LAB ACTIVITIES

The SNAPs labs in this unit bundle are offered in a digital format (fillable slides compatible with Microsoft PP and Google Slides) to facilitate distance learning and support digital classrooms. To better support digital classrooms, the assessment station is offered as an editable, self-grading Google Form as well.

DISTANCE LEARNING COMPATIBILITY

SNAPs lab activities are rated for their ease with distance – independent learning. Refer to the preview for more information about how well each laboratory works in a fully digital classroom and with distance learning.

EDITABLE DOCUMENTS

This download includes an editable Word document (docx file) of all lab components:

• Pre-Lab and Post-Lab Activities

• The Lab Overview

• Lab Station Activities and Questions

• Directed Synthesis Project (when applicable)

Important Notes:

• Diagrams, illustrations, tables and graphs essential to lab activities are included

• Illustrative clipart is NOT included

• Editable documents and rubrics are included with the FREE SNAPs Setup Guide


Evolution and Natural Selection Unit Planning Guide

This product includes DIFFERENTIATED and EDITABLE Excel sheets to help you plan and pace the unit. Suggestions for how to use resources and create lesson plans included.

Next Generation Science Standards

This unit bundle satisfies NGSS 3-LS4-1, MS-LS2-4, MS-LS4-1, MS-LS4-2, MS-LS4-3, MS-LS4-4, MS-LS4-5 & MS-LS4-6.


DAILY LESSONS

Daily lessons are an economical alternative to my unit bundles. A single lesson rebundles the resources in the unit bundle for a SINGLE topic. Daily lessons do NOT include task cards, summative exams or labs. A lesson includes a bell ringer, INB Lesson, editable PP slides, editable scaffolded and modified notes, homework, reading passage and digital assignments. Links for lessons covering the topics in this unit are listed below:

What is evolution?

Theory of Natural Selection (MS-LS4-6)

Variation and Species Diversity (MS-LS4-4)

Frequency of Traits (MS-LS4-6)

Competition for Resources

Evidence for Evolution (MS-LS4-2)

Comparative Embryology (MS-LS4-3)

Comparative Anatomy (MS-LS4-2)

Fossils (3-LS4-1)

Fossil Record (MS-LS4-1)

DNA as a Molecular Clock

Phylogenetic Trees

Changes in the Environment (Selective Pressure) (MS-LS2-4)

Endangerment and Extinction (MS-LS2-4)

Artificial Selection (MS-LS4-5)


TERMS OF USE

• All rights reserved by Stephanie Elkowitz.

• This product is to be used by the original purchaser only.

• Intended for classroom and personal use only.

• Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited.

• This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public view.

• Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

Report this resource to TPT
Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Report this resource to let us know if this resource violates TPT's content guidelines.

Reviews

4.9
Rated 4.86 out of 5, based on 44 reviews
44
ratings
5
36
4
7
3
1
2
0
1
0
Mostly used with 7th and 8th grades
Reviews
3
12
11
2
5
3
2
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
All verified TPT purchases
Rated 5 out of 5
April 16, 2025
I've used this resource for years now, and I love it! I love that this bundle provides students the opportunity to learn independently (readings), with the teacher (notes/lecture), and with each other (SNAPs Labs). This resource is great at taking a complex topic and tailoring it to my middle school demographic.
Randee P.
14 reviews
Grades taught: 8th
Rated 5 out of 5
April 11, 2025
Loved it! Perfect for my classroom. Engaged my students and covered the material well.
McKayla S.
122 reviews
Grades taught: 8th
Rated 5 out of 5
September 9, 2024
Great resource for my students to practice their new skills!
Marni P.
192 reviews
Grades taught: 9th
Student populations: Learning difficulties
Rated 5 out of 5
August 4, 2024
Great resource! I used as my main instructional material for this unit! It was very helpful in teaching the material.
Devin W.
38 reviews
Grades taught: 8th
Rated 5 out of 5
November 2, 2023
Stephanie's materials were perfect - really everything... The slides, guided notes, homework - I used all of them
gina L.
380 reviews
Grades taught: 8th
Rated 5 out of 5
June 10, 2023
This was so helpful for my students. It gave great notes, explained things well and set us up for a great unit. I would highly recommend any of Stephanie's resources. I've used them for every Science unit this year.
Megan Meints
(TPT Seller)
6 reviews
Grades taught: 7th
Rated 3 out of 5
April 14, 2023
This unit is definitely a solid unit. I appreciate the cyclical nature of the learning, however it is much more effective to have the lesson, bell ringer, reading passage and homework on different days which meant I had to supplement them. The questions are rather repetitive for each lesson which is great for students' ability to recall the information, however this is why you may want to supplement the unit with other activities. The SNAPS labs were great and very engaging. I love that I can chose to have my students do some of the stations at home and the others in class with me.
Jennifer O.
192 reviews
Grades taught: 8th
Rated 4 out of 5
August 4, 2022
Was a good supplement for my students who have had very little science in the past couple of years due to distance learning.
Annalee W.
214 reviews
Grades taught: 7th

Questions & Answers

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Standards

to see state-specific standards (only available in the US).
NGSS3-LS4-1
Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago. Examples of data could include type, size, and distributions of fossil organisms. Examples of fossils and environments could include marine fossils found on dry land, tropical plant fossils found in Arctic areas, and fossils of extinct organisms. Assessment does not include identification of specific fossils or present plants and animals. Assessment is limited to major fossil types and relative ages.
NGSSMS-LS4-3
Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy. Emphasis is on inferring general patterns of relatedness among embryos of different organisms by comparing the macroscopic appearance of diagrams or pictures. Assessment of comparisons is limited to gross appearance of anatomical structures in embryological development.
NGSSMS-LS4-1
Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past. Emphasis is on finding patterns of changes in the level of complexity of anatomical structures in organisms and the chronological order of fossil appearance in the rock layers. Assessment does not include the names of individual species or geological eras in the fossil record.
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